Disruptive Technology Positive or Negative - 790 Words

Every innovation has positive and negative effects. The key consideration is whether the positives outweigh the negatives. In addition, what is positive for the innovator may be negative for the incumbent. Therefore, there is likely that no consensus can be reached on a listing of the pros and cons. Firstly, I address the need for a simple coherent definition of disruptive technology. Next, the focus moves to the impacts of disruptive technology. Finally, I consider critical factors in a response designed to adopt or adapt to a disruptive technology and conclude with summarized arguments. Defining Disruptive Technology A disruptive technology is an upstart technology with the potential to topple the market leader (Ganguly, Nilchiani, Farr, 2011, p. 273). Since Bower and Christensen (1995) developed the term â€Å"disruptive technologies†, subsequent attempts at defining the term have maintained a common thread of a differentiated focus as the market entry strategy, and superior product functionality as the ultimate objective (Carayannopoulos, 2009; Yu Hang, 2010). The concept of â€Å"waves of innovation† was introduced to the information systems community by Primozic, Primozic, and Leben (1991). Hence, Boyer and Christensen (1995) imported the idea into their article aptly titled â€Å"†¦.Catching the wave†. New technologies will replace aging and obsolete technologies. The intersection of product life cycles for products at varying stages of their development is not aShow MoreRelatedBackbay Battery Simulation Reflection Report . In Playing1610 Words   |  7 Pagessimulation of the BackBay Battery, managing the company’s mature technology NiMH and the emerging potential disruptive UC technology, I learned many lessons from analysing the game results, and also from the decision making process during the simulation. I adopted many different strategies in different playing times. The following report will discuss three main strategies I adopted, namely 1. investing in both technologies, 2. nurturing new technology with profit form current health business, and 3. cost leadershipRead MoreInternational Technological University ( Itu )1265 Words   |  6 PagesSTUDENT NAME: Manoj Duraiswamy STUDENT NUMBER: 86018 International Technological University (ITU) EM 900-3 / Engineering Management I Quiz 1 TOPICS COVERED: What is Engineering Management? / Globalization / Disruptive Technology The Strategic Use of IT to Obtain Competitive Advantage November 15, 2014 Instructor: Tom Tafolla, J.D. INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Anyone caught cheating, by any means, will automatically receive an â€Å"F† grade and will be reported to the ITU Academic Integrity CommitteeRead MoreInnovation Process Involves Creativity Of The Mind841 Words   |  4 Pagessurround innovation come from employees, customers, competitors and even your suppliers. Anything that deals with innovation is challenging. The purpose of this report is to identify the sources of innovation, how it affects industries and to evaluate disruptive innovation. Identify sources of innovation Innovation comes from a variety of sources. For example when there are development teams within a company the use innovative ideas to enhance existing products or produce new ones. Innovations are broughtRead MoreReducing School Violence Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagesaggression as a low-level component of violence. Another issue that makes evaluation difficult is the ever-changing society we live in where technology has brought about new ways for students to display violence with things like cyber bullying. Internet violence is on the rise with students utilizing social networking sites to bully and disseminate negative, humiliating messages about other students. While researchers struggle to conceptualize school violence, society is changing and constantly inventingRead MoreTechnology And Higher Up Education : A Literature Review848 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology in Higher Up Education: A Literature Review The higher up education in the United States has always excelled as one of the best around the world. Many of the learning methods that are used nowadays in colleges and universities are a lot similar to the ones used in past generation. A variant that nowadays affects not only education but also our lives in general is the technology that we have at our disposal. Technology is the next step of education so much so that many higher up educationalRead MoreDigital Disruption Is A Threat Or An Opportunity?1384 Words   |  6 PagesDigital disruption is the vicissitude that occurs when incipient digital technologies and business models affect the value proposition of subsisting goods and accommodations. â€Å"Is your company at risk of being disrupted by digital technology?† â€Å"Is digital disruption a threat or an opportunity?† Disruption in most cases holds negative connotations, though digital disruption is not inherently negative or positive. There is opportunity for those who want to embrace digital disruption effectively andRead MoreBusiness Review On Recreational Magazines1613 Words   |  7 Pages (2014 2015) Student Name: Dinusha Thilakaratne Student ID: 101322462 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Business Performance Review 4 Competitive and Technological Analysis 7 †¢ Porter’s 5 forces model 7 †¢ Sustaining and disruptive technology 8 Introduction The main purpose of this report is to give a brief description about the current situation of â€Å"MagRus† business by using their sales data in 2014 and 2015 and compare it with the current retail industryRead MoreJapan s Financial Environment : Japan Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment. In terms of network readiness, Japan scored 10th of the world in 2015, compared to 16th in 2014 (World Economic Forum, 2015). In particular, Japan scores high in the pillar of business usage of networks. This reflects the availability of high-technology and support the innovative capacity of Japanese businesses. Also, the Japanese population is among the world’s most frequent users of smartphones and the internet and the Japanese government uses ICT’s to the benefit of its citizens. Next to thatRead MoreGrowing Technology1448 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing Technology Famous 1930s actor Bill Benedict expresses â€Å"Technology is getting a new life.† Basically, technology is evolving so much and so fast it is almost as if it is gaining a life of its own. The new technology that’s emerging gives individual’s a new life and new way of living. In Jonathan Rowe’s essay, â€Å"Reach Out and Annoy Someone,† he illustrates his frustration with the new technology better known as a cell phone. He focuses on the negative impact cell phones have onRead MoreThe Problem Of The Internet807 Words   |  4 Pageswhich makes extremely negative effect for expanding internet service in India. Since the Hinduism is a kind of close religion, such as it does not encourage people to travel away from India, the ethic might not encourage people to use new technology such as internet. In addition, education is still a problem in India. The literacy in India is 74.04 percent, which is lower than the world average level accor ding to the research of census (2011). However, there are still some positive aspects for the organisation

Notes On Social Identity Theory - 1191 Words

Contextualizing BIRG: Social Identity Theory SIT (Tajfel et al., 1971; Tajfel Turner, 1979) has been explained briefly in the Introduction, which provided an overview on the nature of its construction (Galang et al., 2015) and its implications on ingroup inclusion, intergroup behavior, and self-esteem (Brewer Yuki, 2007). This theory is further discussed here, particularly its conception of group identification and esteem, to give context to BIRG and the framework of analysis that will be used to analyze the phenomenon. SIT assumes that individuals pursue group memberships (i.e. social identities) to attain a positive self-concept by affiliating with groups of high status (Gudykunst Bond, 1980). As such, when individuals perceive that their current group membership does not contribute to a positive social identity, they may engage in behaviors that improve their current group’s reputation (social change), or change their memberships entirely to affiliate with groups of higher status (social mobility). The allied social categorization theory (SCT; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reichen, Wetherell, 1987) then focuses on group identification, predicting that the greater salience of the group identity over personal identity leads people to behave in and perceive social relations as informed by their common identity in group memberships (Ellemers, Spears, Doosje, 1997). People form their social identities (an intergroup schema) by categorizing individuals into ingroups (theShow MoreRelatedThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman1305 Words   |  6 PagesConcept note: Dramaturgy The sociological concept ‘dramaturgy’, developed by Irving Goffman (1922 – 1982), was initially used in his book The Presentation of the Self (1959). Dramaturgy uses the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain social interaction and social roles. Like actors in a play, people play roles, working together to up hold various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. Key components of this theory are ‘front and back’Read MoreHow Queens I Want to Break Free Video Explores Queerness in Relation to Queer Theory1544 Words   |  7 Pagesallows artists to express their own sense of identity, that being nationality, race, class, ethnicity, gender or sexuality. In this case, Queen uses music to illustrate the themes of gender and sexuality through their music video I Want to Break Free (1983). This essay will attempt to discuss how Queen’s music video, I Want to Break Free, explores queerness in relation to queer theory. Firstly, I will introduce the ideas and arguments of queer theory through Gilbert Herdt article Same Sex DifferentRead MorePerception Of Sexuality And Identity With A Special Focus On Transgender And Transsexuals1131 Words   |  5 PagesTITLE: Perception Of Sexuality And Identity With A Special Focus On Transgender And Transsexuals INTRODUCTION: Sexuality can be primarily defined as an individual’s â€Å"capacity for sexual feelings† (OpenStax College, 2012. Pp. 270). On the other hand identity, in this case, gender identity is â€Å"a person’s self-conception of being either male or female based on his or her association with the feminine of masculine gender roles† (OpenStax College, 2012. Pp. 262). People may be discriminated and be victimisedRead MoreThe Structure and Agency Debate987 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate is a common one in the field of sociology and different theorists come up with different ways of accounting for the actions of social actors. This essay takes the position that structuration solves the problem of this much contested debate. Initially key concepts and elements of structuration will be pointed out .These elements include structure, agency, social systems and power amongst many others. Subsequently, there will be engagement of a discussion of different schools of thought and finallyRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesAdolescence is categorized by psychological changes in relation to identity, self-consciousness, and relationships with others (Sebastian, C., Burnett, Blakemore, S. J., 2008). There are two major aspects when it comes to adolescence: cognitive control and social control. The cognitive control focuses more on supervisory functions such as our working memory, decision making, self-consciousness, and attention distribution; while, the social control supports the individual being more sociable, formingRead MoreCurrent Developments During The Secondary Students And How These Injuries Are Sustained Traumatic Brain Injuries?850 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical and Methodological Assumptions An interpretive framework will guide this research with a specific focus on the disability theory. This theory centers on human difference as opposed to defect (Creswell, 2013). Moreover, these studies can alter various assumptions regarding language, identity (both social and physical), social oppression, politics, and ideology. Social constructs have been reflective on limitations or capabilities, and the experiences of those with disabilities, which continueRead MoreSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 PagesMy Favorite Sociological Theory Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note My Favorite Sociological Theory There were several theories that I found interesting as a part of the course, yet the theory that I connected with most personally was Symbolic Interaction. This theory was established first by George Herbert Mead, who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism first. The theory has been present in the field of sociology for several decades, and after the death of MeadRead MoreThe Theory Of Self And Memory1598 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal identity has been, and will arguably remain, a major area of debate and discussion amongst philosophers, both in Western and Eastern branches of academia. Indeed, this idea that personal identity- more commonly referred to as â€Å"the self†- remains constant, despite any and all qualitative changes that can occur to a person, has left many philosophers ever so puzzled. Nevertheless, four main theories have been developed in an effort to best explain both the existence of the self and how itRead MoreThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Gof fman1167 Words   |  5 Pages(1967), where the focus was on interaction and social scene rather than self-presentation and identity work. Dramaturgy uses the theatre as an extended metaphor to explain how people perform a variety of social roles, like actors in a play, and that society is made up of groups of players working together to up hold various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. The two key components of this theory are ‘front and back’ and ‘impression management’Read MorePretty Little Liars- Psychology Analaysis Paper1741 Words   |  7 Pagesschool days; Social identity theory demonstrated by Alison; and bulimia nervosa demonstrated by Hannah, who is targeted for being overweight. Topic #1 Abnormal Behavior In Pretty Little Liars, after Alison is murdered there is a long investigation searching for her murderer. The girls come up with many different theories as to who murdered Alison, and in some cases they even make themselves out to look guilty. Eventually, one of the characters, Ian, committed suicide and in his suicide note he confessed

Biography of Nikki Giovanni Essay Example For Students

Biography of Nikki Giovanni Essay Nikki Giovanni was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, on June 7, 1943.Giovanni is the youngest oftwosisters, spent her childhood with her parents older sister Gary. Shortly after her birth, the family moved first to Woodlawn,Ohio, then to Wyoming, Ohio, and ultimately to the black community of Lincoln Heights, Ohio.In 1960, enrolled early at Fisk University, a prestigious, all-black college in Nashville, Tennessee.After receiving her bachelor of arts degree in 1967, she organized the Black Arts Festival in Cincinnati before entering graduate school at the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. In 1969, Giovanni took a teaching position at Rutgers University. That year she also gave birth to her son, Thomas. Giovannis work shifted focus after the birth of her son and she made several recordings of her poetry. After her sons birth, Giovanni rearranged her priorities around him and has stated that she would give her life for him. Nikki Giovanni is a well known African-American poet and a civil rights activist.Giovannis poetry expresses strong racial pride and respect for family. Thecivil rightsandBlack powermovements inspired her early poetry that was collected inBlack Feeling, Black Talk(1967),Black Judgement(1968), andReCreation(1970). Giovannis first published volumes of poetry grew out of her response to the assassinations of such figures as Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Medgar Evers, and Robert Kennedy, and the need she saw to raise awareness of the rights of black people. Nikki Giovanni accomplished many things,Keys to more than two dozen American cities, including New York, Miami, Los Angeles, and New Orleans, American Book Award, The Rosa Parks Woman of Courage Award, first recipient, and others as well.Giovanni has received numerous awards and accolades for her work including multiple NAACP Image Awards, the Langston Hughes Award for Distinguished Contributions to Arts and Letters and many more. Giovanni has been known for many of her poem s. For exampleLove is, Choices, You came, too and Life cycles,many more. Many of Giovannis poems were about life and her life. Giovannis poems were inspired by her family, but especially her grandmother which has been a great influence for writing her poems and being a civil rights activist. Giovanni is currently working at the University Professor atVirginia Tech.In 2007, TheVirginia Tech shooting occurred andshe delivered a chant-poem at a memorial for the shooting victims.

103.59 free essay sample

1:03.59. The numbers flash in my mind. It is the time that will prove my efforts were not in vain. It is the time that will decide if I end up on top. It is the time that will make me a winner. 1:03.59. The numbers flash in my mind once again. I am ready to make it happen. Swimming has always been a part of my life. I started learning when I was five at Highlands Pool and progressed to competitive swimming at the Aquatic Center and Tuttle Pool three years later. It was not until my freshman year at South, however, did I experience real swimming. That year I joined the high school team as well as the Gahanna YMCA club team. Since then, nine months out of twelve, I am swimming, conditioning, and racing; it is a never ending cycle. But to me, it is more than just stretching, swimming back and forth, and shaving time. We will write a custom essay sample on 1:03.59 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead, it is about learning life lessons, changing and becoming a better individual. One of the most important aspects of swimming for me is the bond I form with my teams. During swim season, I spend, on average, four hours with my teammates every day. We have been to Hell and back. We have seen each other on our worst and best days, and we know exactly what we are each capable of. We push each other to the absolute limit with our competitiveness and we support each other through thick and thin. My teams are my second family. The value of such a strong support group is not beneath me. It has taught me to build connections wherever I go and to create long lasting friendships. It is the people that I surround myself with in life that will help bring me to success. Henry David Thoreau once said, â€Å"Do what you love. Know your own bone; gnaw at it, bury it, unearth it, and gnaw it still.† The underlying message behind his words? BE PASSIONATE. Without passion, there is no oomph; there is no specialness. I found passion within swimming. When I swim, I pour my heart and soul into it. I see every mistake as a learning experience and see every accomplishment as an opportunity to make a new goal. I â€Å"gnaw at itand gnaw at it still.† This feeling I get when I swim is something I have learned to look for in everything I do. Whether it is teaching little kids how to swim, volunteering at Key Club, or merely fixing my bed in the morning. I make sure that it is something I want to do, and that it is something I am willing to put work into to do it to the best of my capabilities. Starting something is one thing, but finishing? That is an entirely different story. I can join all the clubs and teams in the world, but it takes my utmost determination to truly commit. Swimming has trained me to be that determined, committed individual. During the hardest workouts of my life, the infamous 36 100s to be exact, I grit my teeth, dig my heels in, and swim until my hand touches that wall. When I feel as if my arms are about to fall off, I suck it up and keep going until I finish. This mentality I have come to develop is one I apply to everything in my life. Without drive, nothing will be accomplished. It is my will to push forward past the obstacles that will give me a leg up above the rest. The emotional high of winning is perhaps the best feeling the world. When I swim a personal best, win a heat, or even better, win an event, I am on top of the universe and no one can bring me down. When I accomplish a goal, no matter big or small, it is a celebratory matter. The whole idea of trying my hardest and putting in every ounce of my effort in everything I do is pointless if there are no results. Swimming has taught me to fight for a place on top. I am a warrior and I can achieve anything I put my mind to. I am victorious in both the literal and figurative sense. Literally, I am swimming a faster time. Figuratively, I am overcoming flaws, setting myself apart, being a more unique person, and becoming a stronger individual. I have heard more than one positive influence in my life say, â€Å"If winning were easy, everyone would be doing it.† There is absolute truth to those words. Everything I do in life is geared towards bringing me closer and closer to triumph. My goal is to become the best possible person I can be and to gain the most out of my life. Swimming has become an especially significant part of who I am. It has already made me a better person, and all my experiences with this grueling, yet fantastic sport are among the most valuable and memorable I have ever had. Swimming is my passion; it makes me determined. It has shown me the power of teamwork and it has led me to victory. The roaring of the crowd starts to fade away. I shut my eyes and listen to my pounding heartbeat as the sounds fade into silence. As I climb onto the starting block I see the water below me beginning to settle. I envision myself overpowering the clock stroke by stroke; the water pulsating past me, urging me forward. The official’s whistle pierces the atmosphere, bringing me back to reality. â€Å"Swimmers! Take your mark!† I curl my toes over the edge and crouch down low. I grip the block with steady hands and wait with bated breath. I see a flash of light as a resounding gunshot electrifies the still air. I instantly leap forward, launching myself out into the pristine, cool water. There is no turning back.

Gun Laws Essays - Gun Politics In The United States, Self-defense

Gun Laws States from Michigan to Nebraska to California, as well as the federal government, are considering new rules on letting law-abiding citizens carry guns. Does allowing citizens to carry concealed handguns deter violent crimes? Or does this cause otherwise law-abiding citizens to harm each other? Thirty-one states now have guaranteed their citizens the right to carry concealed handguns if applicants do not have a criminal record or a history of significant mental illness. So what have the results been? The numbers tell the story Using the FBI's crime-rate data for all 3,054 U.S. counties by year from 1977 to 1992, I co-authored a study in the January 1997 Journal of Legal Studies. We found that concealed handguns deter violent crimes and produce no significant increase in accidental handgun deaths. The accompanying figures show how dramatic this drop is by illustrating how different violent crime rates change before and after the adoption of these laws. The size and timing of the decline coincide closely with the number of concealed-handgun permits issued. Counties issuing the most new permits had the greatest drops in crimes. The study considered arrest and conviction rates, prison-sentence lengths and changes in many other handgun laws such as waiting periods, as well as income, poverty, unemployment and changing demographics. Thousands of observations made it possible to control for a whole range of other factors never included in any previous crime study. The estimated benefits indicate that if those states without right-to-carry concealed handgun provisions had adopted them in 1992, at least 1,500 murders would have been avoided yearly. Similarly, rapes would have declined by more than 4,000, robbery by more than 11,000 and aggravated assault by more than 60,000. Benefits all around Surprisingly, the largest drops in violent crimes occurred in the most urban counties with the highest crime rates. Further, the benefits of concealed handguns were not limited to those who carry the weapons. By the nature of these guns being concealed, criminals cannot tell whether a potential victim is armed, thus making crime less attractive when it involves direct contact with people. Citizens who have no intention of carrying a concealed handgun benefit from the crime-fighting efforts of their fellow citizens. While allowing either men or women to carry concealed handguns deters murder, the impact is particularly dramatic for women. The findings imply that for each additional woman carrying a concealed handgun the murder rate for women falls by three to four times more having an additional man carrying a concealed handgun lowers the murder rate for men. With women typically being weaker physically, providing a woman with a gun has a much bigger effect on her ability to defend herself. People willing to go through the permitting process also tend to be law abiding. In Florida, almost 444,000 licenses were granted from 1987 to 1997, but only 84 people have lost their licenses for using a firearm in a felony. Most cases appear to have involved accidentally carrying a gun into restricted areas like airports or schools. During Texas' first two years of issuing permits in 1996 and 1997, permit holders were arrested for violent crimes at less than one-sixth the rate of other adult Texans, and these arrests rarely involved guns. Likewise, in Virginia, not a single permit holder has been involved in a violent crime. Similar results have been observed in states such as Kentucky, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. Listen to the men in blue While most police have supported concealed-handgun laws, many opponents have changed their minds after adoption. For example, Glenn White, president of the Dallas Police Association, recently summarized his change of heart: I lobbied against the law in 1993 and 1995 because I thought it would lead to wholesale armed conflict. That hasn't happened. All the horror stories I thought would come to pass didn't happen. No bogeyman. I think it's worked out well, and that says good things about the citizens who have permits. I'm a convert. Permit holders are unusually law-abiding citizens who fear for their personal safety. The police are simply not able to protect everyone all the time. As a former opponent of concealed handgun laws, Campbell County, Ky. Sheriff John Dunn says:

The Northern Lowlands Region of the Maya Civilization

The Northern Lowlands Region of the Maya Civilization The Maya lowlands are where the Classic Maya civilization arose. An extensive area including almost some 250,000 square kilometers, the Maya lowlands are located in the northern part of Central America, in the Yucatan peninsula, Guatemala and Belize below approximately 800 meters above sea level. There is little exposed surface water: what there is can be found in lakes in the Peten, swamps and cenotes, natural sinkholes created by the Chicxulub crater impact. But the area receives tropical rainfall in its rainy season (May- January), from 20 inches a year in the southern part to a whopping 147 inches in the northern Yucatan. The area is characterized by shallow or waterlogged soils, and was once covered in dense tropical forests. The forests harbored a range of animals, including two kinds of deer, peccary, tapir, jaguar, and several species of monkeys. The lowland Maya grew avocado, beans, chili peppers, squash, cacao and maize, and raised turkeys. Sites in the Maya Lowlands Mexico: Dzibilchaltun, Mayapan, Uxmal, Tulum, Ek Balam, Labna, Calakmul, Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Coba Belize: Altun Ha, Pulltrouser Swamp, Xunantunich, Lamanai Guatemala: El Mirador, Piedras Negras, Nakbe, Tikal, Ceibal Sources This glossary entry is part of the Guide to the Maya Civilization and the Dictionary of Archaeology. See the Maya Civilization bibliography Ball, Joseph W. 2001. The Maya Lowlands North. pp. 433-441 in Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America, edited by Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster. Garland, New York City. Houston, Stephen D. 2001. The Maya Lowlands South. pp. 441-447 in Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America, edited by Susan Toby Evans and David L. Webster. Garland, New York City.

Medtronic Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Medtronic Case Study - Assignment Example All these factors accounted for overall failure of the company and eventually reduced dynamic growth of the company to zero. On the contrary, the newly appointed CEO of the firm, Omar Ishrak witnessed major challenges in terms of retrieving the position of the company in the market place. During the first 18 months, the new CEO was able to plan for company’s future growth prospect through R&D investment in order to develop innovative medical therapies. To facilitate short term prospect of the company, Omar Ishrak had always favored business model innovations and creative product development. However the major focus of the newly appointed CEO was to overcome all possible adoption barriers prevalent in emerging economies. The CEO even restructured his organization so that all the team members are aligned with the innovative goals and objectives of the firm. There was proper restructuring done of the entire executive team as well as their respective responsibilities. The heads of global operating regions of Medtronic now directly reported to the CEO instead of head of International. Many non-Americans were even appointed for executive committee. The company’s one of the biggest achievement was acquisition of a Chinese orthopedic company. However this case study reveals that Omar Ishrak is in a dilemma as to whether the steps taken to transform Medtronic into a global firm is sufficient or it requires more innovative strategies for sustaining growth. The objective of the case study is to put across different dimensions of international business. It has been observed that in international expansion strategy organizations need to adopt innovative business models. In this study strategic dimensions will be aligned with the success or failure of international business. The entire study will be conducted from a consultant’s perspective so as to evaluate the expansion strategies undertaken by the firm. There would be even suggestions